Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Correspondence to: Stephen T. Abedon; Email: abedon. About me samples for dating sites Hankin's work took place approximately 20 years prior to the actual discovery of bacteriophages, no claims were made as to a possible phage nature of the phenomenon. Here we suggest that it may be imprudent to assume nevertheless that it represents an early observation of phagemediated bactericidal activity. Key words: Ganges River, history, natural bactericidal activity, presumptive early phage references. In his collection of phage references covering the years up toRaettig 3 lists no less than 28 pre reports. The title listed is the English translation provided by Bardell. See, however, the following footnote. The title listed with this entry is an English translation of the German. Inthe English chemist Ernest Hankin 413 published two articles in the Annales de l'Institut Pasteur describing microorganisms associated with rivers in India. Others have described Hankin's results also as possibly phage-related. For example, Hudson et al. From Parfitt 16 p. In Ernest Hankin observed that the Ganges and Jumna rivers in India seemed to possess antibacterial properties, and he surmised that this might in some way be responsible for the reduced number of cases of gastrointestinal infection, particularly cholera, in those villages close to the river. From Connerton and Connerton 20 p. Other articles citing Hankin only claim that he observed some heat-labile substance, found in association with these river waters, that displayed bactericidal activity. That is, from Hankin 4 p. The same water, when boiled, does not have the same effect. On the other hand, well water is a good medium for this microbe, whether boiled or filtered. We explore here the consistency of the observations of Hankin,with the hypothesis that the bactericidal activity he observed could primarily have been a consequence of phage action. From the data provided by Hankin, 4 one can estimate the number of phages that would have to have been present to result in the levels of killing observed, if indeed the killing was due to phage presence. Consistent with the possibility that phage counts might have been as high as those suggested in Table 2various authors have explored theoretically the potential for phages to control V. Note, however, that bactericidal phages could still be present at high densities but just not able to form plaques, i. This is a possibility not usually explored in phage environmental studies. Alternatively, phage counts can decline in the course of enumeration 29 or might have been higher had different, hypothetically more permissive host bacteria been employed in the laboratory by these authors. Notwithstanding these phage density issues, a compelling reason to suspect that phages are the cause of the observed bactericidal activity is a very phage-like specificity where the Ganges river water was not active against certain V. This specificity particularly can be a phage property. However, it is a property that can be less readily achieved if the presumptive phages consisted of multiple types—essentially representing a phage cocktail—rather than single strains. Also consistent with an association of the observed bactericidal action with phage activity is its heat lability, about me samples for dating sites Hankin demonstrated, though this consideration too is not as straightforward as superficially it may seem. However, rather than showing that bactericidal agents could be found in volatiles, Hankin instead found that heating which was capable of eliminating bactericidal activity was not effective in eliminating that activity if the heated water were trapped in sealed tubes. From p. He uses this word or equivalent in a number of places in the paper. For example, on p.
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