Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution 4. Historians have shown how the establishment of human genetic counselling in West Germany was characterised by several sociohistorical factors, in particular the impact of the legacies of Nazi biopolitics. These accounts have reconstructed continuities on an intellectual level which delayed a turn towards non-directive approaches, emphasising individual emotional well-being and voluntariness, and instead have prolonged a discourse that defined disability as an economic and social burden. Drawing on the archives of a Marburg-based charity, this paper aimed to reconstruct these factors at the example of the production and circulation of a major family planning leaflet, Our Child Shall Be Healthydeveloped ca In doing so, I want to suggest that connections between science, politics and economy were a key element in technologies of communicating reproduction. This essay approaches counselling as a communicative practice that was in continual productive engagement with different concepts of reproductive health. First, it argues that the communicative and paper technologies used in counselling interactions in West Germany changed in the aftermath of the worldwide thalidomide tragedy. Second, it argues that a novel approach to reproductive health emerged that focused on individual decision making as the basis of prosperity and emotional well-being. Taking a family planning leaflet as a site for reconstructing how people of different organisations, with different stakes and expertise converged in the design of a counselling encounter, this paper targets the crossroads of economic, political and scientific activities in the history of communicating reproductive health and reproductive risks. From to the late s, the Marburg-based Foundation for the Disabled Child FDC, Stiftung für das behinderte Kind produced many richly illustrated, glossy family planning leaflets. This was also a period of rapid technological and legal change in the field of reproduction and medicine. Following the introduction of amniocentesis in Nemec and Zimmer and the liberalisation of abortion law infamily planning, as the leaflet explained, ideally comprised one or more counselling encounters with medical experts who specialised in human genetics. The authors of the brochure presented as the norm a heterosexual, married, white middle-class couple, pictured full-page on the cover. With some historical distance, the couple looks pedestrian, bourgeoise, almost like a stock image of a late s happy German couple. Without doubt, the images that the authors chose were intended to reflect wealth and social security, if not modernity. Moreover, the images captured strong relationships: they showed in turn relationships between two young adults; between parents and their baby; between an adult son and his mother; between an adult woman and her older, male doctor; and between a younger male doctor, a mother and a baby. The images emphasised the attachment and emotional and intellectual connectedness of the couple and their first, healthy child. By choosing the title, Our Child Shall Be Healthy, the authors took the position of the counselled couple and suggested a language that reflected confidence, self-determination and autonomy. Remarkably, this was implicitly linked to economic prosperity. In one picture Figure 2the authors illustrated their concept of reproductive decisions with capitalistic metaphors using the analogy of grocery shopping and the practice of choosing the best apple from a large basket. The foundation used the leaflet to explain principles of inheritance to their audience, using the example of the phenotype of fruit. Referring to free market economy and individual choice and benefits, they portrayed the nuclear family—parents together with their first, healthy, biological child 2 —as making reproductive decisions with confidence and as a strong moral and economic unit. Our Child Shall Be Healthy. Prevention Programme for Future Parents. Archive of the Foundation for the Disabled Child, n. Historians have recovered how, starting in the s, scientists in West Germany at newly founded departments for human genetics referred to both established and newer concepts to make and communicate knowledge about reproductive health Söhner and Krischel ; Schenk ; Thomaschke ; Nemec and Dating a younger man in your 30s ; Cottebrune Following the thalidomide tragedy, in the mids, non-university or municipal, state and charitable institutions were established that aimed to offer counselling and funding for the prevention of birth defects. Inthe FDC opened the first genetic counselling centre in the central West German city of Marburg. While acknowledging these intellectual continuities in science and medicine Bösl ; Cottebrune ; Klee ; Petermann, Harper, and Doetz ; Schenk ; Söhner et al. This has helped us understand the dynamic processes of knowledge and ignorance production in the history of medicine Tuana Every form of communication in reproduction and its material cosmos—books and leaflets, photos, notes, transcripts and meeting protocols produced and used—unites different actors and funding sources. The same concepts could provide the material for a counselling leaflet for married couples, a student textbook, a critical radio show or a popular lottery. It was also a tool for advertising counselling interactions in clinics, private practices, schools and other public spaces where more doctors, teachers and people would encounter these concepts and related practices. This makes reproductive counselling leaflets an important site for investigating practices of communication and decision making in the history of reproduction Andrew ; Hopwood et al. This paper reconstructs the institutions, experts, stakes and social contexts that constituted genetic and reproductive health counselling in post-thalidomide West Germany. I mainly draw on archival and published evidence from Dating a younger man in your 30s. I will focus on the largely unwritten FDC early history and use counselling leaflets as an entry point to reconstruct encounters between couples and FDC counsellors, who were often trained in human genetics and in talking about reproductive health. From there, I expand my view to decision-making processes and emotions in the social and material cosmos of communicating reproductive health.
A leaflet used in counselling encounters is a technology that prompted, at least to some degree, a two-sided way of communication between counsellors and counselled, including the testing and refinement of communication practices according to audience reactions. In the following year , he signed a contract with a professional public relations PR company, on behalf of the FDC, to develop Our Child Shall Be Healthy. Without doubt, the images that the authors chose were intended to reflect wealth and social security, if not modernity. This included personal meetings as well as collecting documentation, that is, photographic documentation of the counselled, or picking them up, by car, from their homes, carrying them to a specialist and exchanging patient data with specialists. Sie vereint die klassischen dokumentarischen Erzählformen des Journalismus, d.
6: Cleverness
She's a divorcee in her 30s. men sometimes face judgments about pursuing younger partners. A. It's Whether you're 30, 50, or 70, the key to love is showing up as. This study examines whether individual's exposure to romantic media contents would be significantly related to their fear of being single. The cover of a version from ca shows a heterosexual, married, white, well-situated, attractive couple in their early 30s (Figure 1). He's the boss's hot, young nephew. Tasked with training him, will she stay in line or take a chance on mutual attraction?In so doing, I make two inter-related arguments. What factors explain the new way of communication in counselling interactions, by the late s, including analogies of a choice of the best apple to the conscious choice of child? From the early s, with new funding sources, including the Federal Centre for Health Education BZgA , 30 demand remained high 31 and a re-edition followed Nur nachfolgende Zeit schreitet vorwarts In turn, with this stronger support network, the leaflet circulated among broader audiences in screenings and preventive check-ups in general practices 24 ; patients received it from specialists they trusted, in gynaecological and paediatric practices 25 ; women encountered it at maternity and infant welfare services; and pupils and teachers encountered it in schools. The images emphasised the attachment and emotional and intellectual connectedness of the couple and their first, healthy child. The leaflet as a technology to frame reproductive decisions, by the late s, as analogous to economic decisions, reflects significant entanglements between the different FDC members and their concepts of reproductive health. They had difficulties to understand the oral communication of risk numbers and, even more, to put them in relation to taking reproductive decisions. After the first phase, the Marburg model was evaluated. Darius Devas machte daraufhin einen Film über das Wiedertreffen der Szene in Goa. Sie vereint die klassischen dokumentarischen Erzählformen des Journalismus, d. Reproduction was one site of intense scientific, medical, social, political and ethical change, and, as such, a crossroads for rich traffic between the biological, medical and social sciences, medicine, industry and politics Schleiermacher Which emotions and viewing experiences of West German audiences were evoked in Our Child Shall Be Healthy? Only from the s, these approaches were replaced by non-directive, participatory, non-coercive models Cottebrune ; Waldschmidt , Die Webdoku besteht aus einer Serie von Interview-Poträts der damaligen Protagonisten. Productivity was a major category in this debate. Und das, obwohl die Gruppe für ihre starke Ablehnung von Fotos und Filmen bekannt war, wie er in einem Artikel für den Blog des australischen Fernsehsenders SBS erklärt. Only retrospectively, studies would reveal that this form of communication raised the worries and fears of many parents Nippert This paper reconstructed a leaflet as a communicative and paper technology in the post, Western history of reproductive health. Bericht des Vorstandes an die Mitglieder des Kuratoriums. Using their contacts, such as to the Federal Doctors Chamber Ärztekammer , they launched massive publicity and fund-raising initiatives. Moreover, the images captured strong relationships: they showed in turn relationships between two young adults; between parents and their baby; between an adult son and his mother; between an adult woman and her older, male doctor; and between a younger male doctor, a mother and a baby. Immer öfter wird auch mit der Partizipation des Zuschauers an der Webdoku selbst experimentiert. This decentralisation and larger transformation also applied to communicating reproductive health. This was when Wendt started to raise funding for the making of a new counselling leaflet. In the following paragraphs, decision making in family planning was explained using the example of grocery shopping and an attention for economic principles. While acknowledging these intellectual continuities in science and medicine Bösl ; Cottebrune ; Klee ; Petermann, Harper, and Doetz ; Schenk ; Söhner et al. PMCID: PMC PMID: It implied counselling as an asymmetrical relationship between experts and non-experts. Add to an existing collection. February 20, From the mids, welfare unions, self-help initiatives, charitable organisations and federal initiatives competed on a newly established market for research funding, political lobbying and public influence. Many patients had apparently reported that they were unsatisfied with the communication practices. Archive of the Foundation for the Disabled Child, n.
