Anton Wallner, Head of the HZDR Department "Accelerator Mass Spectometry and Isotope Research", at the AMS facility of the Australian National University ANU in Canberra. Picture: Stuart Hay, ANU Download. When massive stars or other stellar objects explode in the Earth's cosmic neighborhood, ejected debris can also reach our solar system. Traces of such events are found on Earth or the Moon and can be detected using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, or AMS for short. An overview of this exciting research is provided in the scientific journal Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science DOI: In their paper, HZDR physicist Anton Wallner and colleague Prof. Brian D. Fields from the University of Illinois in Urbana, USA, provide an overview of near-Earth cosmic explosions with a particular focus on events that occurred three and, respectively, seven million years ago. However, things get really uncomfortable when cosmic explosions occur at a distance of 30 light-years or less," Wallner explains. Converted into the astrophysical unit parsec, this corresponds to less than eight to ten parsecs. Earth is located about 6, light-years or about 2, parsecs from the Crab Nebula - the remnant of a supernova. The explosion could be seen burned haystack dating method the naked eye in Hester and A. Loll Arizona State Univ. Once massive stars have burned up all their fuel, their cores collapse into an ultra-dense neutron star or a black hole, while at the same time, hot gas is ejected outward at a high velocity. A large part of the gas and dust finely dispersed between the stars is carried away by an expanding shock wave. Like a giant balloon with bumps and dents, this envelope also sweeps up any burned haystack dating method already present in space. Burned haystack dating method many thousands of years, the remnants of a supernova have expanded to burned haystack dating method diameter of several 10 parsecs, spreading out ever more slowly until the motion finally ceases. A nearby explosion has the potential to severely disrupt the Earth's biosphere and cause a mass extinction similar to the asteroid impact 66 million years ago. The dinosaurs and many other animal species fell victim to that event. Nevertheless, supernovae only occur in very heavy stars with more than eight to ten times the mass of our sun. Such stars are rare. One of the closest candidates of this size is the red supergiant Betelgeuse in the constellation of Orion, located at a safe distance of about parsecs from our solar system. Many new atoms are generated during cosmic explosions or shortly before and during the supernova — among them also a number of radioactive atoms. Wallner is particularly interested in the radioactive iron isotope with the atomic mass of About half of these isotopes, called iron for short, have turned into a stable nickel isotope after 2. Therefore, all iron that was present at the Earth's formation some 4, million years ago has long since disappeared. However, it is produced in large quantities just before a supernova takes place. If this isotope now turns up in sediments from the ocean floor or in material from the surface of the moon, it probably came from a supernova or another similar process in space that has taken place near Earth only a few million years ago," Wallner summarizes. The same applies to the plutonium isotope with the atomic mass of However, this plutonium is more likely generated by the collision of neutron stars than by supernovae. Thus, it is an indicator of the nucleosynthesis of heavy elements. After a period of 80 million years, about half of the plutonium isotope has turned into other elements. Therefore, the slowly decaying plutonium is, in addition to iron, another indicator of galactic events and the production of new elements in the last millions of years. Plutonium also requires explosive events and, according to theory, is produced similarly to the elements gold or platinum, which have always occurred naturally on Earth but consist of stable atoms today," Wallner explains.
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