Chasse, culte ou artisanat? Keywords : reindeerwolfelkhunting and trappinghunting pitspitfalls. Schlüsselwörter : RentierWolfElchJagden und FallenstellenFallgrubenFallensysteme. Hunting and trapping are an important part of this tradition. Throughout history, many types of small game have been hunted, as have deer species — elk, red deer, roe deer and reindeer. Predators such as wolves, wolverines, lynxes and bears have been hunted to reduce the population and to improve conditions for animal husbandry. The hunting and trapping methods were numerous: snares, traps, hunting pits, funnel-shaped traps, pens, trip-wire devices and various hand weapons. This article will focus on the permanent trapping systems of which archaeological traces can be found — not least hunting pits. The relationship between people and reindeer is probably the most geographically widespread and long-lasting connection between people and a species of animal in the world. The wild reindeer were also the most important factor when the first people migrated into the area that is now Norway. Reindeer hunting is still an important part of the local identity in several areas. This presentation will therefore emphasise the different types of trapping systems used in relation to wild reindeer. At the end of the article, a few systems where hunting pits were used to hunt elk and wolves will also be described. There are several reasons for limiting the description to these areas. The area has been very well documented, so we know a lot about it. On the other are fort and peat dating in real life, the varied topography has resulted in great variety in the types and designs of trapping systems. Finally, this is the last place in Europe that still has a viable, genetically pure population of wild reindeer. Map showing the focus area for this article: the national parks of Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella, Dovre, Rondane, Reinheimen and surrounding areas. However, the history goes back even further. When modern human beings arrived in Europe and Asia, the Neanderthals Homo sapiens neanderthalensis were already here and had been hunting reindeer for several hundred thousand years Terberger, 23ff. It is assumed that hunting reindeer crossing rivers or stretches of water was widespread, and that the introduction of bows and arrows made it easier to hunt reindeer on land as well. No traces of reindeer trapping systems have been preserved on the European continent. Wild reindeer products became part of established trading patterns under control of the crown, established trading houses, the church etc. In Norway, this happened during the period AD Mikkelsen, among otherswhile a similar development took place on Greenland in the 17th and 18th centuries AD Odgaard, However, after a relatively short period of time, the market economy adaptation seems to have been died out and hunting and trapping again reverted to being a supplementary source of food or a secondary source of income. Ethnographic sources describe the use of hunting pits on all continents: for wild boar in the Orient, water rats in Australia, peccaries and jaguars in South America, elephants and giraffes in Africa and both elk and lions in Europe. The pits differed in shape and were made from different materials: dug out of loose earth or similar, built from stone — or made from snow. The challenge in most locations is that little research has been done to clarify their geographical distribution and time-span for references, see Olsenin press. Instead, outlying land has been a resource that can be utilised more or less freely by everyone. The only exception is gyrfalcon hunting for sale on the Continent or Middle East — but that is a story that falls outside of the scope of this article. The law states that everyone could hunt without the use of fixed facilities using bows and arrows, spears, etc. As regards hunting pits, it is stated that anybody could add to a row of pits lengthwise, but that no pits could be placed in front of or behind each other within the distance that the blow of an axe could be heard. It is also stated that title to a trapping system could be retained for up to ten winters since it was last used. If a trapping system had been unused for ten years, anyone could repair it and claim title to it themselves. Several court cases from the Middle Ages show that these laws were enforced. The boy chose the hunting pits. Although the truth of this story has never been verified, the fact that the story arose at are fort and peat dating in real life and has been kept alive in the oral tradition for centuries tells us something about the importance of hunting. The State owns a lot of the outlying land in the area dealt with in this article.
The reasoning behind this is based on the assumption that, in order for the hides in the west to have a function, they must have been located near glaciers that existed there towards the end of the last Ice Age. Jeremic ML, Prudhomme RS Consolidation of mine fill by freezing. Caine N Air photo analysis of blockfield fabrics in Talus Valley, Tasmania. Fischer K Erdströme in den Alpen. Liestöl O Talus terraces in arctic regions.
Note de l’éditeur
clearing of forest in Uganda for agricultural purposes, dating back to about 1, years B.C., for Rock Paintings, Patiko Fort, Munsa Archaeological site. They went INNNN with that kiss. As in the case of portal tombs, no wedge tomb in County Donegal has been excavated, and reports of finds from these tombs are few. There is a claim dating to. Even though it was a dream sequence, it was real in real life. This article will focus on the permanent trapping systems of which archaeological traces can be found – not least hunting pits. Massimo and Nacho kissing was ♀️ ♀️ .McRoberts E Some aspects of a simple secondary creep model for deformations in permafrost slopes. Dona F Osservazioni sulla morfologia periglaciale della Valle Aurina. Auburn, Maine, pp. Diese sehr unterschiedlichen topographischen Gegebenheiten ermöglichten es einerseits, die Routen der Rentierwanderungen vorauszubestimmen. US Geol Surv Bull — Evin M a Glaciers et glaciers rocheux sur le versant nord-est du Viso Alpes Cottiennes, Italie. Mensching H Morphologische Studien im Hohen Atlas von Marokko. Hunting using permanent trapping systems in the northern section of the mountains of Southern Norway: focus on wild reindeer. Hölzle M Permafrost occurrence from BTS measurements and climatic parameters in the eastern Swiss Alps. Brekken J. Since the animals were caught alive before being removed from the enclosure and killed, these systems made it possible to sort the animals and decide which ones to kill and which ones to release. To this day, the reindeer continue to migrate past the old trapping systems. These pits are located high up in the mountains and built into stone and scree. Sci Results Montreal — Haeberli W Die Basis-Temperatur der winterlichen Schneedecke als möglicher Indikator für die Verbreitung von Permafrost in den Alpen. Catalogue de livres. Le texte seul est utilisable sous licence Licence OpenEdition Books. Barsch D Permafrost creep and rockglaciers. This was to make it difficult for the wolves to get out again Brekken , , ; Raastad , , They were all dug out of earth or loose material and had an inner framework of wood or a dry wall made from stone. In: Bushnell VC, Ragle RH eds Icefield Ranges Research Project. In this way, the remaining forest served as guiding fences Vorren , Physische Geogr Zürich Barsch D b Problems of the delimination of geomorphic belts on the east slopes of the Cordillera Frontal. Ein Elch kann leicht über hohe Zäune springen, so dass hohe und robuste Einzäunungen notwendig gewesen wären. Birkeland PW Rock glaciers. They were probably made from wood, which has now completely disappeared. Through the use of scaring sticks, the reindeer were led towards the hides, where the archers were waiting. Jagen und Fallenstellen in Norwegen — ein Jedermannsrecht. These pits must also have had some sort of guiding fences, but, so far, this has not been archeologically documented with one possible exception; Hole , , Daher lohnte es sich, dauerhafte Fallensysteme zu errichten.
